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Prime Patterns
Patterns in Primes
This palindromic prime number reads the
same upside down or when viewed in a mirror.
CONTENTS
Primes
From Factorials !
PRIME is
Prime
Sum of 5 & 7 Primes
More
Prime series
Near
Repdigit Primes
Smallest
& Largest Primes
5 & 71
Fortunate
Primes
Primes in First k Digits of p
5, 7, 9 Digit Primes
21
Consecutive Primes
Palindromic
Primes
Four
Palindromic Primes
Palindrome from Primes
9-Digit Palindromic Primes
Depression
Primes
Pandigital
Palindromic P.
Order-3
Superperfect P. S.
Palindromic
Sequences
Palindrome 373
Ascending
Pandigital Prime
Reversible Prime
3911
Reversible
Primes
Perfect
Prime Squares
Order-6
Perfect Prime Sqrs.
Digit Complementary P.P.
A Prime
Circle
A String of
Primes
Three
digits-all prime
Prime Factors of
114985
Prime
PPDI’s
Consecutive
gaps ... primes
Two
Prime Pyramids
Overlapping
Primes
All Primes!
First and
Last Columns ...
The First 7
Primes
A Prime
Series
Digital sums
of prime pair ..
12-Digit
Near-Repunit P.
A Prime Pair
Common
Factors
Circular
Primes
Priming the Cube
Pairs equal Prime
Primes From Factorials !
Factorial n (n!) means 1 x 2 x 3 x … x n
Unfortunately the next factorial results in a composite number.
The above shows the number 1 as a prime, although it is normally considered neither
prime nor composite.
.
PRIME is Prime
Assign the value 1 to A, 2 to B, 3 to C, . . . , 26 to Z. Then
 i.e.
16 + 18 + 9 + 13 + 5 = 61
Sum of 5 & 7 Consecutive Primes = a
prime
More Consecutive Prime series
Above is shown three of the five series that use 2, the only even prime number.
Then I show one of each odd series from three to twenty-one. There are a total of
sixty-one series with an odd number of primes (using primes < 100). every prime < 89
is the leading term in at least one series.
Charles w. Trigg, JRM 18(4),1985-86, p.247-248
Near Repdigit Primes
All primes!
The next prime number in this series, though, is 17 threes with a one at the end.
Some other numbers in this series (with less then 1800 threes) are:
3391 (that's 39 threes with a one at the end
37831
317311
Near Repdigit Primes consist of a series of the same digit, then one different digit; or
one digit and then a series of a different digit.
The above series is particularly attractive because the number of threes in the first
seven primes increase by one. There are only eleven other primes in this series with less
then 1800 threes.
 This is an example of the other type of Near Repdigit Primes.
Some other numbers in this series (with less then 4471 nines) are:
5922
59361
594332
This last number is a prime consisting of a five followed by 4,332 nines!
There are many combinations of digits that make up Near Repdigit Primes but the last digit
in the number must be a 1, 3, 7, or 9.
See Chris Caldwell JRM 21:4, p 299 & JRN 22:2, p 101
Smallest and Largest Primes
of digit length from 1 to 15
5 & 71
The above two primes evenly divide the sum of the primes less then themselves.
The only other such prime less then 2,000,000 is 369119, the 1577th prime.
D. Wells, Curious & Interesting Numbers P.129
Fortunate Primes
Starting with 2 , find product of consecutive primes. Call it p
Then p + 1 = s
Take next largest prime > s. Call it v.
Then v – p = prime.
Martin Gardner (The Last Recreations) calls these last numbers ‘fortunate
primes’.
Primes in First k Digits of p
For k = 1,2,6, & 38. The next prime has at least 500 digits !
5, 7 and 9 Digit Consecutive Primes
Three consecutive primes sum to a palindromic prime.
Visit Patrick De Geest's very attractive and informative WWW site about Palindromic
Numbers at Other Links
The 9-digit set was reported by Jud McCranie July 11, 1998
21 Consecutive Primes
The 21 consecutive primes from 7 to 89 sum to the prime number 953. Also when arranged
in groups of three, each group sums to a prime. Furthermore, the reverse of these prime
sums also sum to 953 !
T.V.Padmakrumar, JRM 27:1, 1995, p57
Palindromic Primes
11 is the only Palindromic prime with an even number of digits.
These are the smallest and largest Palindromic primes of length 1 to 19.
Number of palindromic primes of length 1=4, 2=1, 3=15, 5=93, 7=668, 9=5172
From PALPRI..HTM by Patrick De Geese, Belguim, July/96
Four Palindromic Primes
FromPALPRI..HTMbyPatrickDeGeese,Belguim,July/96
Link to his page from Other Links
Palindrome from Primes
Product of the first eight primes divided by ten gives a palindrome
number.
9-Digit Palindromic Primes
Palindromic Primes
There are a total of 5172 nine digit primes that read the same forward or backward.
Many of them have extra properties.
Plateau Primes
There are 3 primes where all the interior digits are alike and are higher then the
terminal digits. There are two primes, 322222223 & 722222227 in which the interior
digits are smaller then the end ones. These are called Depression Primes
Undulating Primes
So called when adjacent digits are alternately greater or less then their neighbors.
If there are only two distinct digits, they are called smoothly undulating. Of the total
of 1006 undulating nine digit palindromic primes, seven are smoothly undulating.
Peak & Valley Primes
If the digits of the prime, reading left to right, steadily increase to a maximum
value, and then steadily decrease, they are called peak primes. Valley primes are just the
opposite. There are a total of 10 peak and 20 valley primes. 345676543 is unique because
of the five consecutive digits.
See Les Card JRM 14:1 p30
Depression Primes
 The above numbers are called depression primes. The next ones in
the 'two' series contain 27 and 63 two's! Note the 'seven 'two's in the one above. The
next ones in the 'five' series contain 19, 21, 57, 73 & 81 fives.
A Pandigital Palindromic Prime
 This 19 digit number reads the same forwards and backwards. It
contains each of the digits 0 to 9 twice, except the 7 which appears only once .
An Order-3 Superperfect Prime Square
 1 of the 24 possible order-3 perfect prime squares (not counting
rotations and reflections. Each row, column, and the two main diagonals all consist of
3-digit primes when read in either direction. This one is superperfect because the
broken diagonal pairs are also 3-digit prime numbers. The 5 can be replaced with
an 8. These are the only order-3 Superperfect prime squares.
All order 2 and 3 perfect prime squares contain palindromes and contain duplicate prime
numbers.
Do only Order-3 perfect prime squares contain palindromic
primes? Are there any superperfect prime squares of order greater then 3?
Charles W. Trigg,Perfect Prime Squares, JRM 17:2, 1984-85, pp .91-94,
1984-85
Addendum
August 31, 2007
Søren Schandorf and
his associates in Denmark have been working on this problem. Yesterday I
received the list of order-5 Perfect Palindromic Prime Squares (PPPS).
And some solutions for the order-7. Here I show two examples from his
report.
Each order-5 PPPS
contains seven 5 digit palindromic primes, and each order-7 square
contains nine 7 digit palindromic primes.
See their report on
this project at
http://www.chronomatics.dk/sppps-5.pdf
Søren also confirmed that the two
order-3 SPPPS shown on this page are the only ones of that order. His
group found 182 squares for order-5 and an astounding 614,157 for order
7.
A Palindromic Sequence Series
Each sequence is formed from the one above it by inserting n, the row number,
between all adjacent numbers that add to n. k is the number of numbers in
each sequence. So far all k are prime numbers. Does this series continue
indefinitely?
This pattern is credited to Leo Moser (Martin Gardner, The Last Recreations, p.199).
Palindrome Prime 373
373 = sum of the squares of the first 5 odd primes
Also: the sum of five consecutive primes starting with 67.
From Patrick De Geest's Palindrome numbers WWW site at http://www.worldofnumbers.com/
Ascending Pandigital Prime
This prime contains all the digits from 1 to 9 in order, then repeats starting from 0.
Two similar primes but using only the nine digits from 1 to 9 are 1234567891 and
1234567891234567891234567891.
David Wells, Curious & Interesting Numbers, p191
Reversible Prime 3911
These numbers are all primes!!
3911, it's reverse, and both numbers with a 3 on either end or a 9 on either end.
There are a total of 102 reversible prime pairs of four digits.
Les Card JRM:11:1 ,p 9
Reversable Primes
These primes are six digit reversable with an imbedded four digit reversable prime.
For example, the top number of the middle column: following are all prime; 311537, 335117,
735113, 711533, 1153, 3511..In this particular case, 31153, 71153 and 35117 are five digit
primes, 11 and 53 are two digit primes, and two 3’s, the 5 and the 7 are all one
digit primes.
There are a total of 4769 reversible prime pairs of six digits.
Les Card, JRM 12:4 ,p 27
Perfect Prime Squares
In each of these two squares, all rows, columns and the two main diagonals are distinct
prime numbers when read in either direction. The order-5 square above is one of three
reported by Mr. Card.
L. E. Card,Patterns in Primes, JRM 1:2, 1968, pp .93-99,
Order-6 Perfect Prime Squares
 In 1998 Carlos B. Rivera and Jaime Ayala rediscovered the order-4 shown above
(L. E. Card) and conjecture that it is the only solution with 20 distinct primes and no
palindromes. They also found another three order-5 Perfect Prime Squares with 24 distinct
5 digit primes (they call them Prime-magical squares). They also found these two order-6
squares which each contain twenty-eight 6 digit primes.
Carlos has a WWW page dealing with Prime Puzzles & Problems at http://www.sci.net.mx/~crivera/.
Digit Complementary Prime Pairs
A Diigit Complementary Prime Pair is defined as a pair of prime numbers in which digits
in corresponding positions sum to 10 (or 0). There are 136 four digit pairs.
a. a reversible prime pair
b. the two primes contain 8 different digits
c. twin primes
d. both primes contain consecutive digits
e. first member of the pair contains the 4 prime digits in
order
f. each prime contains 3 digits the same
Charles W. Trigg, JRM 22:2, 1990, p 95-97
A Prime Circle
This is an example of a prime circle. Two adjacent numbers,
including the last number and the first number, sum to a prime. In this particular case
all the numbers are 3 digits. This circle is of length ninety, and is part of a 200 length
prime circle found by Charles Ashbacher, JRM 26:1, 1994, p 63.
A String of Primes
 Start at the first digit, or the first digit after any comma, and
read a nine digit prime number.
L. E. Card, JRM 11:1, p.16.
Three digits-all prime
 The only 3-digit numbers such that all arrangements of their three digits are
prime numbers.
Also for 113, all 2-digit combinations are prime numbers.
Prime Factors of 114985
The prime factors of 114985 are 1, 5, 13, 29, 61.
Prime PPDI’s
The above three numbers are all Pluperfect Digital Invariants,
meaning that when each digit of the number is raised to the power equal to the length of
the number, the sum of these powers is equal to the original number.
i.e. 28116440335967 = 214 + 814 + 114
+ 114 + 614 + 414 + 414 + 014 + 314
+ 314 + 514 + 914 + 614 + 714.
The above three numbers are also PRIME !
They are the only primes among the 79 PPDI’s under length forty.
The first number (the smallest) is the only one of the three that is pandigital. Also, of the four digits that appear twice, three
appear as adjacent pairs.
The largest number contains three digits that appear four times and three digits that
appear three times.
See Deimel & Jones, JRM 14(2), 1982, pp. 87 to 99 for list of the 79 PPDI’S to
order 39.
Consecutive gaps between primes
Addendum: January, 2006
Luis Rodriguez advised me of another series of primes separated by 0, 2, 4, 6,
..., 26.
The prime number 484511389338941 will produce a string of 14 prime numbers with
gaps the size of the above digits.
Two Prime Pyramids
 All the numbers in these pyramids are primes.
Also...
All the numbers in the first pyramid are reversible primes. All numbers in the second
pyramid except the fourth and sixth ones (8 & 12 digits) are also reversible primes.
(The next number in each sequence is composite).
Les.Card JRM 11:4, 1978, 79 ,p 283
Overlapping Primes
The largest known prime number such that any two adjacent digits are prime and all
these primes are different.
David Wells ,Curious and Interesting Number, p.
195
All Primes!
These are the largest possible primes with this property. The
top number of the second column as shown on page 191 of the credit is a typo, as the
number shown is composite. In the third set, the last digit of the first number could be a
three, as that number is also a prime. The number ‘1’ here is presumed to be
prime, although by definition it is not.Four other numbers with this property are
233399339, 29399999, 37337999 & 59393339
Chris K. Caldwell, Journal of
Recreational Mathematics, 19:1, 1987,
pp 30-33
David Wells, Curious & Interesting Numbers pps 191, 192, 200
First and Last Columns are
Prime Numbers
The First 7 Primes
Unfortunately, these relationships do not hold for the next higher prime,
19.
A Prime Series
(Term n = Term n-1
times 2 plus 1)
Digital sums of prime pair products
12-Digit Near-Repunit Primes
These are all the 12-digit primes of this type.
There is 1 with 3 digits, 1 with 5 digits, 1 with 6 digits,
2 with 8 digits, and 1 with 9 digits.
Next size after 12 digits is 17 with 2 such prime numbers.
C. Caldwell & H.Dubner JRM 27:1, 1995, p 35
A Prime Pair (relatively small)
 The two largest known twin primes are 242206083 * 238880 . plus and
minus 1 with 11713 digits, found by Indlekofer and Ja'rai in November, 1995. They are also
the first known gigantic twin primes (primes with at least 10,000 digits).
See http://www.utm.edu/research/primes/lists/top20/twin.html
Common Factors
Each row, column and main diagonal has a common factor that is one of
the first 8 prime numbers.
Circular Primes
A circular prime is a prime number that remains prime as each leftmost digit (msd)
in turn is moved to the right hand side.
From Patrick De Geest's Palindrome numbers WWW site (see above)
Priming the Cube
The only arrangement of 8 consecutive digits (not counting rotations or reflections)
such that any two adjacent sum to a prime number.
Pairs equal Prime
In this pattern the sum of each pair of numbers connected by a line sums to a prime
number.
The pattern is symmetrical both horizontally and vertically and uses the consecutive
numbers from 1 to 22.
JRM 26-1, pp71 solution by Eryk Cershen of Redwood City,
California; from a problem suggested by Brian Barwell of Middle, England
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September 01, 2007
Harvey Heinz harveyheinz@shaw.ca
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