| Negative_Permittivity_and_Permeability_Material The true "left handed" material is described. In this medium, light waves are expected to exhibit a reverse Doppler effect. |
| Paradoxes_of_Modern_Electrodynamics Provides analysis of some modern electrodynamics concepts including peculiarities and «white spots» in the model of an electromagnetic wave. The site is in English and Russian. |
| PowerLabs___Rail_Gun Electromagnetic capacitor powered 20kJ rail gun research. |
| Science_Ebooks_Ezine This site offers a variety of electronics and physics animations and visual aides for teachers or students. |
| Spin_Science Research conducted at the University of Amsterdam utilizing x-ray magneto-optical techniques for the study of thin film and nanometric magnetic systems. |
| Static_Electricity Website by Jeremy Smallwood on static electricity. Describes the physics phenomena, possible electrostatic damages, materials for electrostatic solutions, and standards. Gives advice on solution of co |
| Static_Electricity_Projects Site devoted to projects utilizing static electricity (motors, generators) which are simple enough and can be relatively easily built. |
| Vacuum_Tube_Diode A demonstration of how a vacuum tube diode works. |
| The_Van_de_Graaff_Generator_Website This site includes information on how Van de Graaff Generators work, typical classroom demonstrations, and instructions for building one. |
| VRML_Gallery_of_Electromagnetism Visualization of the electromagnetic field. |
| Wireless_Lab_at_Nizhny_Novgorod_University Laboratory of Physical Fundamentals and Technologies of Wireless networks at Nizhny Novgorod State University, Russia. |
| Wondermagnet_com Images of magnets and their uses, experiments, a discussion board about magnet-related topics, and an elementary primer on magnetism and magnetic physics. |
| X-ray_Optics_and_Microscopy_at_Stony_Brook Research describing use of coherent soft X-rays for optics experiments, including Fresnel zone plates, to produce the smallest focused spot of electromagnetic waves for studies of biological and mater |
| Changing_Perceptions_of_the_Etiology_of_Crime__The_Relationship_Between_Abuse_and_Female_Criminality Examines the relationship between female criminality and the experience of abuse via a surveyof 557 female inmates at two correctional centers in Oklahoma. |
| Civil_War,_Terrorism_and_Gangs___The_System_of_Sociology_and_Social_Dynamics By Dr. Raddai Raikhlin (translated from Russian). Society and individuals are described in terms of their social cohesion and integration. |
| Civil_War,_Terrorism_and_Gangs__Social_Dynamics The work deals with the social and psychological causes of terrorism and banditism and of civil wars. Emphasis is placed on the role of the leader. The work is intended for sociologist, psychologist, |
| Judicial_Attitudes_on_Feminist_Ideas_and_Female_Felons__the_Impact_on_Female_Crime_Patterns Questionnaires about judicial attitudes toward feminism and toward female were administered to 234 of the 243 Oklahoma judges. Mixed evidence for bias was found. By Dr. Charles O. Ochie Sr. and Dr. |
| A_Profile_of_Murderer_Escapees 35 murderers who had escaped from the legal custody of the between the period 1990 to 1995 were compared with 100 murderers who did not escape during the same period. Emeritus Prof. Harjit S. Sandh |
| Afferent Tools for tracking the information associated with combinatorial libraries and parallel medicinal chemistry syntheses. |
| Automatic_Organic_Chemical_Reactions A program based on a mathematical representation of organic synthesis that generates all products of a synthesis on an input of organic compounds. |
| Building_the_Shortest_Synthesis_Route This article, published in CHEMTECH in 1998, is a nice introduction to the field of Computer-Assisted Organic Synthesis. |
| CAChe_Group Provides software to view and predict 3D molecular structure and properties and to analyze the relationship between structure and properties or structure and reactivity. CAChe is a tool for medicinal |
| ChemNomParse_Project An open source project to create an IUPAC nomenclature parser. |
| CMBI__LHASA Detailed description about the inner workings of LHASA from the Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics. |
| Expereact___Electronic_Laboratory_Notebook Laboratory management program that includes functions for stock keeping, a laboratory notebook, and search tools for products or reactions records. User guide, screen shots, and demo available. |
| LHASA_Group_at_Harvard_University LHASA (Logic and Heuristics Applied to Synthetic Analysis) is among the first programs for retrosynthetic analysis. Also on this page, the DEREK system for toxicology prediction. Available for Silicon |
| Organic_Synthesis_Exploration_Tool Free software for computer-assisted organic synthesis, intended mainly for use in education. Applet-based. Source code available. |
| SynGen A program for automatic synthesis generation which focuses on the shortest, most economical routes. Uses a generalized model of organic reactions and functionality to simplify the problem space. Macin |
| Systematichem Computational organic chemistry software for retrosynthesis and synthesis development. |
| TORVS_Research_Team Software for reaction prediction, synthesis design, classification of organic reactions, chemical information, calculation of 3D coordinates, and calculation of physicochemical parameters. |
| Advances_in_Biophysics An international review journal published Elsevier Science. Most reviews are written in response to invitations and present a complete account of the author's work on a topic. |
| Annual_Review_of_Biophysics_and_Biomolecular_Structure Primarily provides scholarly review articles in biophysics and structural biology. |
| Archives_of_Biochemistry_and_Biophysics Presents articles in the developing areas of biochemistry and biophysics, especially those related to molecular biology, cell biology, and developmental biology. |
| Biochemical_and_Biophysical_Research_Communications Weekly journal published by Academic Press. Research areas covered include biochemistry, biophysics, cell biology, immunology, neurobiology, proteomics, and plant biology. |
| Biochimica_et_Biophysica_Acta Comprehensive journal published by Elsevier Science. Topics covered include bioenegetics, biomemebranes, cancer, cell biology, genetics, and biochemistry. |
| Biophysical_Chemistry An international journal devoted to the physics and chemistry of biological phenomena. Tables of contents with abstracts; full text by subscription. |
| Biophysical_Journal A major journal published by The Biophysical Society. Contains the latest research and review articles. |
| Biophysics_Textbook_Online A biophysics hyper-textbook, sponsored by the Biophysical Society and endorsed by International Union for Pure and Applied Biophysics. |
| Cell_Biochemistry_and_Biophysics A laboratory oriented journal devoted to illuminating the biomedical and biophysical mechanisms involved in regulating cell function. Published by Humana Press. |
| Doklady_Biochemistry_and_Biophysics A journal containing English translations of current Russian research from the biochemistry and biophysics sections of the Doklady Akademii Nauk (Proceedings of the Russian Academy of Sciences). |
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Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks article:Aldous, Scott. "How Solar Cells Work." 01 April 2000. HowStuffWorks.com. <http://science.howstuffworks.com/solar-cell.htm> 21 November 2008. Inside this Article Introduction to How Solar Cells Work Photovoltaic Cells: Converting Photons to Electrons How Silicon Makes a Solar Cell Anatomy of a Solar Cell Energy Loss in a Solar Cell Solar-powering a House See more » Solving Solar-power Issues Solar-power Costs Lots More Information See all Energy Production articles Invention Nation: Solar Panels 
More Science Videos » Did You Know?NASA sponsored a coalition of companies to develop cheaper and more efficient solar panels. Learn more about cool NASA innovations in this interactive animation from Discovery Channel. You've probably seen calculators that have solar cells -- calculators that never need batteries, and in some cases don't even have an off button. As long as you have enough light, they seem to work forever. You may have seen larger solar panels -- on emergency road signs or call boxes, on buoys, even in parking lots to power lights. Although these larger panels aren't as common as solar powered calculators, they're out there, and not that hard to spot if you know where to look. There are solar cell arrays on satellites, where they are used to power the electrical systems. You have probably also been hearing about the "solar revolution" for the last 20 years -- the idea that one day we will all use free electricity from the sun. This is a seductive promise: On a bright, sunny day, the sun shines approximately 1,000 watts of energy per square meter of the planet's surface, and if we could collect all of that energy we could easily power our homes and offices for free. 
Photo courtesy DOE/NRELPhoto credit SunLine Transit AgencySolar panels absorb energy to produce hydrogen at SunLine Transit Agency. In this article, we will examine solar cells to learn how they convert the sun's energy directly into electricity. In the process, you will learn why we are getting closer to using the sun's energy on a daily basis, and why we still have more research to do before the process becomes cost effective. Going Solar, Going GreenAdding solar panels to an existing home can be expensive -- but there are lots of other ways to make your home greener. Learn more about what you can do to protect the environment at Discovery Channel's Planet Green. 
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Related Products: Solar Cell Battery Solar Cell Charger Solar Cell Module Solar Cell Panels Solar Cell Phone Charger Solar Boiler Next Page Inside this Article Introduction to How Solar Cells Work Photovoltaic Cells: Converting Photons to Electrons How Silicon Makes a Solar Cell Anatomy of a Solar Cell Energy Loss in a Solar Cell Solar-powering a House Solving Solar-power Issues Solar-power Costs Lots More Information See all Energy Production articles digg_url = 'http://science.howstuffworks.com/solar-cell.htm'; digg more 
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