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Title: Chemistry/Elements/Polonium - It's Elemental: Polonium Basic physical and historical information.
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It's Elemental - The Element PoloniumPrivacy and Security NoticeJefferson LabJefferson Lab HomeSearchContact JLabScience Education----------------------Science Education HomeTeacher ResourcesStudent ZoneGames and PuzzlesPrograms and EventsSearch EducationIt's ElementalPrevious ElementPrevious ElementTable of ElementsNext ElementNext Element 84PoPolonium209PoloniumAtomic Number:84Atomic Weight:209Melting Point:527 K (254°C or 489°F)Boiling Point:1235 K (962°C or 1764°F)Density:9.32 grams per cubic centimeterPhase at Room Temperature:SolidElement Classification:MetalRadioactivePeriod Number:6Group Number:16Group Name:ChalcogenWhat's in a name?Named for the country of Poland.Say what?Polonium is pronounced as peh-LOW-ni-em.History and Uses:Polonium was discovered by Marie Sklodowska Curie, a Polish chemist, in 1898. She obtained polonium from pitchblende, a material that contains uranium, after noticing that unrefined pitchblende was more radioactive than the uranium that was separated from it. She reasoned that pitchblende must contain at least one other radioactive element. Curie needed to refine several tons of pitchblende in order to obtain tiny amounts of polonium and radium, another radioactive element discovered by Curie. One ton of uranium ore contains only about 100 micrograms (0.0001 grams) of polonium.Due to its scarcity, polonium is usually produced by bombarding bih-209 with neutrons in a nuclear reactor. This forms bih-210, which has a half-life of 5 days. Bih-210 decays into polonium-210 through beta decay. Milligram amounts of polonium-210 have been produced by this method.Polonium-210 is a very strong emitter of alpha particles. A single gram of polonium-210 creates 140 Watts of heat energy and is being considered as a lightweight heat source for thermoelectric power for spacecraft. Polonium-210 has a half-life of 138.39 days.Polonium's most stable isotope, polonium-209, has a half-life of 102 years. It decays into lead-205 through alpha decay. Polonium-209 is available from Oak Ridge National Laboratory at the cost of about $3200 per microcurie.Polonium can be used to eliminate static electricity in machinery that is caused by processes such as the rolling of paper, wire or sheet metal, although other materials which emit beta particles are more commonly used for this purpose. Polonium is also used in brushes for removing dust from photographic films, although the polonium must be carefully sealed to protect the user from contamination. Polonium is also combined with beryllium to form neutron sources.Estimated Crustal Abundance:2×10-10 milligrams per kilogramEstimated Oceanic Abundance:1.5×10-14 milligrams per literNumber of Stable Isotopes:0(View all isotope data)Ionization Energy:8.417 eVOxidation States:+4, +2Electron Shell Configuration:1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d104f145s25p65d106s26p4This page is maintained by Steve Gagnon.Citation and linking information
 

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