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Periodic Table of Elements: Sulfur – S (EnvironmentalChemistry.com)
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Periodic Table of ElementsElement Sulfur – SComprehensive data on the chemical element Sulfur is provided on this page; including scores of properties, element names in many languages, most known nuclides of Sulfur.
Common chemical compounds are also provided for many elements. In addition technical terms are linked to their definitions and the menu contains links to related articles that are a great aid in one studies.
Using the "Periodic Table of Elements Quick Navigation" graphic at the bottom of the sidebar menu, one can quickly jump from chemical element to chemical element.
Sulfur Menu
Sulfur Page One
Overview of Sulfur
Sulfur's Name in Other Languages
Atomic Structure of Sulfur
Chemical Properties of Sulfur
Physical Properties of Sulfur
Regulatory / Health
Who/When/Where/How
Sulfur Page Two
Nuclides / Isotopes
Potential Parent Nuclides
Sulfur Page Three
Common Chemical Compounds of Sulfur
Overview of Sulfur
Atomic Number:16
Group: 16
Period: 3
Series: Nonmetals
Sulfur's Name in Other LanguagesLatin: SulphurCzech: SíraCroatian: SumporFrench:
SoufreGerman: Schwefel - eItalian: SolfoNorwegian: SvovelPortuguese: Enxôfre
Russian:  Spanish: AzufreSwedish:
Svavel
Atomic Structure of Sulfur
Atomic Radius: 1.09Å
Atomic Volume: 15.5cm3/mol
Covalent Radius: 1.02Å
Cross Section (Thermal Neutron Capture)  a/barns: 0.53
Crystal Structure: Orthorhombic
Electron Configuration:1s2
2s2p6
3s2p4
Electrons per Energy Level: 2,8,6
Shell Model
Ionic Radius: 0.37Å
Filling Orbital: 3p4
Number of Electrons (with no charge): 16
Number of Neutrons (most common/stable nuclide): 16
Number of Protons: 16
Oxidation States: ±2,4,6
Valence Electrons: 3s2p4
Electron Dot Model
Chemical Properties of Sulfur
Electrochemical Equivalent: 0.299g/amp-hr
Electron Work Function:
Electronegativity: 2.58 (Pauling); 2.44 (Allrod Rochow)
Heat of Fusion: 1.7175kJ/mol
Incompatibilities:
Ionization PotentialFirst: 10.36Second: 23.33Third: 34.83
Valence Electron Potential (-eV): 160
Physical Properties of Sulfur
Atomic Mass Average: 32.066
Boiling Point: 717.9K 444.75°C 832.55°F
Coefficient of lineal thermal expansion/K-1: 74.33E-6
ConductivityElectrical: 5.0E-24 106/cm  Thermal: 0.00269
W/cmK
Density: 2.07g/cc @ 300K
Description:Solid pale yellow non-metal that is stable in air and water but burns if heated.
Elastic Modulus:Bulk: 7.7/GPa
Enthalpy of Atomization: 278.7 kJ/mole @ 25°C
Enthalpy of Fusion: 1.72 kJ/mole
Enthalpy of Vaporization: 9.62 kJ/mole
Flammablity Class:
Freezing Point: see melting point
Hardness ScaleMohs: 2
Heat of Vaporization: kJ/mol
Melting Point: 388.51K 115.36°C 239.65°F
Molar Volume: 15.5 cm3/mole
Optical Refractive Index: 1.001111
Physical State (at 20°C & 1atm): Solid
Specific Heat: 0.71J/gK
Vapor Pressure = 2.65E-20Pa@115.36°C
Regulatory / Health
CAS Number
7704-34-9
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)No limits set by OSHA
OSHA PEL Vacated 1989No limits set by OSHA
NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL)No limits set by NIOSH
Levels In Humans:Note: this data represents naturally occuring levels of elements in the typical human, it DOES NOT represent recommended daily allowances.Blood/mg dm-3: 1800Bone/p.p.m: 500-2400Liver/p.p.m: 7000-12000Muscle/p.p.m: 5000-11000Daily Dietary Intake: 850-930 mgTotal Mass In
Avg. 70kg human: 140 g
Discovery Year: UnknownName Origin:Latin: sulphurium (brimstone), Sanskrit sulvere
Abundance of Sulfur:Earth's Crust/p.p.m.: 260
Seawater/p.p.m.: 870
Atmosphere/p.p.m.: N/A
Sun (Relative to H=1E12): 1.6E+07
Sources of Sulfur:Found in pure form and in ores like cinnabar, galena, sphalerite and stibnite. Also recovered from H2S of natural gas. Annual world production is around 54,000,000 tons. Primary mining areas are USA and Spain.
Uses of Sulfur:Used in matches, gunpowder, fireworks, batteries, vulcanization of rubber, medicines, permanent wave lotion and pesticides. Also for making sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
Additional Notes:
[Last update: 2/22/2007]Notes below
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Sulfur Menu
Sulfur Page One
Overview of Sulfur
Sulfur's Name in Other Languages
Atomic Structure of Sulfur
Chemical Properties of Sulfur
Physical Properties of Sulfur
Regulatory / Health
Who/When/Where/How
Sulfur Page Two
Nuclides / Isotopes
Potential Parent Nuclides
Sulfur Page Three
Common Chemical Compounds of Sulfur
Related Resources
Anatomy of the Atom
Answers many questions regarding the structure of atoms.
Molarity, Molality and Normality
Introduces stoichiometry and explains the differences between molarity, molality and normality.
Molar Mass Calculations and Javascript Calculator
Molar mass calculations are explained and there is a JavaScript calculator to aid calculations.
Chemical Database
This database focuses on the most common chemical compounds used in the home and industry.
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