| Lichen_Biology Introduction to lichens, which are stable, self-supporting associations between fungi (most commonly Ascomycota) and photobionts (algae or cyanobacteria). Intended for university students. |
| Lichen_Research_Program,_University_of_Maine_at_Fort_Kent Information about Steve Selva's research program in lichenology. Includes a photo gallery of stubble lichens under the microscope. |
| LichenLand General information for young students including synoptic key and photos. |
| Lichenology_in_the_Netherlands Red list including lichenicolous fungi, and additional information about projects and publications. |
| Lichens_-_Silent_Witnesses_of_Air_Quality Information on monitoring air quality, bibliography, and photos. |
| Lichens_of_North_America Information about lichen biology, lichens and wildlife, lichens and people, and the book of the same title, which was published in 2001. |
| Lichens_de Photos of lichens taken during British Lichen Society field trips in Britain. Contains general information and related links. |
| New_Zealand_Forest_Lichens Photographs, general information, identification and related links. |
| North_American_Lichen_Checklist List of cumulative updates to the most recently published North American checklist by Esslinger and Egan (1995). |
| Queensland_Lichens General information on subtropical lichens from Queensland, Australia. Includes keys to genera and species, and glossary. |
| Rhode_Island\'s_Foliose_and_Fruticose_Lichens Habitat notes, distribution maps, and color photographs of over 90 species of macrolichens by Don Flenniken. |
| Roccella Lichen genus found in Venezuela. |
| Taxonomy_of_Philippine_Lichens Brief information and links by researcher Isidro T. Savillo. |
| Codex_Alimentarius_Commission Part of FAO and WHO food and veterinary standards activities. With information about procedure, forthcoming activities, members and participating organizations. All Codex Alimentarius standards docum |
| Consultative_Committee_for_Space_Data_Systems_(CCSDS) An organization of Space Agencies and produces recommendations and standards mainly for ground systems and their interface to space systems. The organization's work is detailed, and includes extensive |
| Council_for_Optical_Radiation_Measurements_(CORM) Develops requirements for standards, calibration services and collaboration programs. |
| EuroMed_Transport_Project EuroMed Transport’s official website, project funded by the EU, aiming to policy convergence and harmonisation of legislations governing the transport sector in the MEDA region. |
| European_Committee_for_Banking_Standards_(ECBS) Develops technical standards for the European banking infrastructure. With information on committee members, publications (available for download), the IBAN and current projects, and links to other or |
| European_Committee_for_Electrotechnical_Standardization_(CENELEC) Includes background information and a knowledge base. |
| The_European_Committee_for_Standardization_(CEN) Promotes voluntary technical harmonization in Europe in conjunction with worldwide bodies and its European partners. |
| European_Coorperation_on_Space_Standardization_(ECSS) European standards organization for space activities. Documents can be downloaded after free registration. With a discussion forum. |
| European_Telecommunications_Standards_Institute_(ETSI) Seeks to produce the telecommunications standards that will be used throughout Europe and beyond. |
| IEEE_Industry_Standard_and_Technology_Organization_(ISTO) A global, not-for-profit corporation designed to accelerate and extend traditional standards development and adoption activities for technology industry consortia. |
| Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronic_Engineers_(IEEE) With information on standardization activities and procedures and the advantages of participating in standardization work. |
| International_Accounting_Standards_Board_(IASB) Sets accounting principles for business financial statements. Based in London. Sponsored by accounting organisations in nearly 100 countries. |
| International_Atomic_Energy_Agency_(IAEA) Serves as the world's central intergovernmental forum for scientific and technical co-operation in the nuclear field, and as the international inspectorate |
| International_Commission_on_Illumination_(CIE) Includes background information, membership details, and publications. |
| International_Disk_Drive_Equipment_and_Materials_Association__(IDEMA) Trade association for the data storage industry. Publishes standards and reference documents, most of which are available for download in PDF format. |
| InterNational_Electrical_Testing_Association_(NETA) Publishes standards and specifications. Includes a list of publications and an online order form. |
| International_Electrotechnical_Commission_(IEC) The standards organization for all areas of electrotechnology. |
| International_Telecommunications_Union_-_Radiocommunications_(ITU-R) Formerly CCIR. Deals with the standardization of wireless communication. |
| International_Telecommunications_Union_-_Telecommunication_Standardization_(ITU-T) Formerly CCITT. Its most widely known standards are those of the X. series, e.g. X.25 and X.500. |
| Joint_Steering_Group_on_Spatial_Standardization_and_Related_Interoperability_(JSG) Includes charter, membership and action item information. |
| Pan_American_Standards_Commission_(COPANT) Seeks to promote the development of technical standardization and related activities in its member countries. [English and Spanish] |
| Space_Frequency_Coordination_Group_(SFCG) A forum for solving frequency management problems encountered by member space agencies. Publishes a handbook, resolutions and recommendations which are available for download as Word and PDF documents |
| World_Standards_Services_Network_(WSSN) Network of public WWW servers of standards organizations around the world. |
| About_GM Consumer information, including the Advisory Committee on Novel Foods and Processes, from the Food Standards Agency, UK. |
| Ag_Bio_tech_Info_Net Resource for herbicide tolerance, disease and insect resistance, other traits and applications, including teachers educational resource and links to programs. Includes news of gene flow, contamination |
| AgBioForum Articles on the economics and management, public policy, and private strategies maintained at University of Missouri-Columbia, Missouri. |
| AgBioResources Offers access to related resources from Bangalore, India. |
Lichens consist of a symbiosis between an algae and a fungus. The algae contains the pigment chlorophyll which it uses during photosynthesis to produce carbohydrates. These are required by the algae itself but are also absorbed and used for growth by the fungus. Thus the fungus obtains nutrients from the algae, the fungal tissue in turn may provide shelter for the algae allowing it to grow in harsh conditions such as rock surfaces where it would otherwise be destroyed.
Most of the lichens in the churchyard are crustaceous species, forming a crust over the substrate, and may grow as little as 1mm per year. In other, less polluted and wetter, parts of Britain such as the west coast of Wales and Scotland there are many leafy (foliose) and shrubby (fruticose) lichens which can grow at several centimetres per year. Some of these used to be collected on a commercial scale for dying wool. Indeed our own bright orange Xanthoria parietina was also used in medieval times as a remedy for jaundice. 