| Raman_Spectroscopy_Group Laboratoire de Physique de l'État Condense, Université du Maine, Le Mans, France. Information on members, research, instruments and events. |
| The_Science_of_Spectroscopy Wiki technology based project to explain spectroscopy, the use of light to study matter. |
| Society_for_Applied_Spectroscopy scientific society for applied spectroscopy |
| Southwest_Sciences_Home_Page Southwest Sciences is a small business that performs contract research emphasizing spectroscopic detection of trace gases for applications in combustion, atmospheric science, and industrial monitoring |
| Spectral_Lines Spectral Lines is a science webzine covering everything from the analysis of astronomical data to the detection of zygotes in zoological specimens. |
| Spectroscopy Provides techniques and instrumentation to solve problems. Offers current and past issues. |
| The_Spectroscopy_Net An open, free resource for spectroscopist everywhere and everyone interested in atomic spectroscopy, including the optical emission spectroscopy network, ICP, spark emission, glow discharge, conferenc |
| XPS,_AES,_UPS_and_ESCA Database for surface spectroscopies as XPS, AES and UPS. |
| SKT_2000 Post conference Achema 2000, for thermal analysis-FT-IR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry; near Frankfurt, Germany, (May 28-30 2000). (May 30, 2000) |
| Advanced_Materials_Technologies_Ltd, AMT, supplies stable isotopes, deuterated solvents and high purity materials for medical and chemical research. |
| Center_of_Molecular_Research Representative of a Russian producer of Oxygen-18 water situated in Saint Petersburg |
| Chemgas Chemgas supplies high purity rare gases and isotopically enriched gases. |
| CNL_Scientific_Resources,_Inc_ A supplier of isotopes, metals, crystals and other engineered materials to manufacturers of pharmaceuticals and instruments. |
| Gamma_Radiation_Sources CNEA (Argentina's nuclear energy agency) produces qualified cobalt-60 sources for irradiation plants and for medical use. |
| Gas_Oils_JSC Manufactures carbon 13 labeled carbon dioxide using lasers. |
| Hartmann_Analytic_GmbH Supplier of radio-labeled chemicals, products for radiation protection. Also offers labeling-services and custom synthesis. |
| Hyox18 Isotope O18 enriched water used to produce fluoro-deoxyglucose for PET. |
| Icon_Services Supplier of compounds labeled with stable isotopes. |
| International_Isotope_Society The IIS provides a forum for all chemists involved in radiochemical synthesis and analysis to obtain and share information outside of their immediate area of employment and expertise. |
| International_Isotopes_Clearing_House,_Inc_ Catalog listing of radioisotopes, 14C- and 3H-labeled compounds for medical research, 33P- and 125I- available. |
| Isoflex Stable isotopes for use in science, medicine and industry from Russian producers. |
| IsoSciences Custom stable isotope labeling and small scale organic synthesis including the preparation of metabolites and PET precursors and standards. |
| Isotec A member of the Sigma-Aldrich family, manufacturer of stable isotope labeled compounds. |
| Martek_Biosciences can supply isotopically enriched biochemicals |
| MDS_Nordion Radioisotope technology used to prevent, diagnose and treat disease. Products and services include nuclear medicine, radiation therapy for cancer, irradiation sterilization and food irradiation. |
| Moravek_Radiochemicals Manufacturer of tritium and carbon 14 labeled radiochemicals for AIDS and cancer research. |
| The_National_Stable_Isotope_Resource_at_Los_Alamos The National Stable Isotope Resource (SIR) advances biomedical applications of compounds labeled with the stable isotopes 13C, 15N, 17, 18O, 33, 34S, and 77Se. |
| Omicron_Biochemicals_Inc_ Supplier of single, multiple and uniform stable isotope labeled saccharides and nucleosides (13C, 2H, 15N, 18O). |
| PerkinElmer_Life_and_Analytical_Sciences Radiochemicals including radiolabeled ligands, P32, amino acids, macromolecules, microspheres, precursors, and radionuclides |
| PicoTrace Equipment for trace element and isotope analysis. |
| Proftec Supplier of pure Copper powder. |
| Radioisotopes_in_Medicine Stable and unstable isotopes are covered. |
| RITVERC_GmbH A producer and worldwide supplier of radioisotope products for science, industry, and medicine. Product list includes radiation sources, labelled compounds, stable isotopes, and radiopreparations. |
| STB_Isotopes Stable isotopes for science, medicine and industry, a list of some rare and unusual stable isotopes. |
| Techsnabexport Supplier of Russian-produced radioisotopes and labeled compounds. |
| U_S__DOE_Isotope_Production_and_Distribution U.S. Department of Energy isotopes catalog. Quite an extensive list. |
| U_S__DOE_Isotope_Programs Information about U.S. Department of Energy production of isotopes programs. |
| ViTrax_Radiochemicals Manufactures Tritium, Carbon-14, and Sulfur-35 radiolabeled products and offers custom radiosynthesis under cGMP. |
| Wellington_Laboratories Produces 12C and 13C halogenated reference standards of environmental concern, including chlorinated and brominated dioxins, furans, biphenyls and diphenyl ethers. Includes corporate and product detai |
| Advanced_Physics_Forums Intended primarily for physics majors, graduate students, postdocs and faculty. Get meeting information, theoretical and research information and exchange of ideas. Meant for the physics community th |
Version History
W. C. Martin and W. L. WieseNational Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899Note: Some links are not underlined on this page to improve readability.
Note for Macintosh Users: Due to differences in many Macintosh browsers, the spectroscopic notation of this article may appear with unintended spacing on a Mac©. A PDF version (705 kB) of this article may be used instead. The table of Ground levels and ionization energies for the neutral atoms (PDF 106 kB) is also available.
Introduction Frequency, Wavenumber, Wavelength Atomic States, Shells, and Configurations Hydrogen and Hydrogen-like Ions Alkalis and Alkali-like Spectra Helium and Helium-like Ions; LS Coupling Hierarchy of Atomic Structure in LS Coupling Allowed Terms of Levels for Equivalent Electrons LS Coupling jj Coupling Notations for Different Coupling Schemes LS Coupling (Russell-Saunders Coupling) jj Coupling of Equivalent Electrons J1 j or J1 J2 Coupling J1 l or J1 L2 Coupling (J1 K Coupling) LS1 Coupling (LK Coupling) Coupling Schemes and Term Symbols Eigenvector Composition of Levels Ground Levels and Ionization Energies for the Neutral Atoms Zeeman Effect Term Series, Quantum Defects, and Spectral-line Series Sequences Isoelectronic Sequence Isoionic, Isonuclear, and Homologous Sequences Spectral Wavelength Ranges, Dispersion of Air Wavelength (Frequency) Standards Spectral Lines: Selection Rules, Intensities, Transition Probabilities, Values, and Line Strengths Emission Intensities (Transition Probabilities) Absorption f values Line Strengths Relationships between A, f, and S Relationships between Line and Multiplet Values Relative Strengths for Lines of Multiplets in LS Coupling Atomic Lifetimes Regularities and Scaling Transitions in Hydrogenic (One-Electron) Species Systematic Trends and Regularities in Atoms and Ions with Two or More Electrons Spectral Line Shapes, Widths, and Shifts Doppler Broadening Pressure Broadening Spectral Continuum Radiation Hydrogenic Species Many-Electron Systems Sources of Spectroscopic Data References 
Inquiries or comments: FeedbackOnline: February 1999 - Last update: May 2007 