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Engitech Inc. Environmental Training Activated Sludge MicroorganismsRoutine microscopic analysis of biological treatment systems providesinformation that isunavailable through other means. The microscope reveals that bubblingtankful of dark liquid isan amazing habitat teaming with life. By examining the tiniest creaturesthat inhabit every drop,much can be learned about the treatment environment. You may be unimpressedby the shearnumbers of protozoa and metazoa organisms present, typically 4-40 millionper gallon. But, thecomplexity of the single-celled Euplotes patella, with its specializedfeeding and locomotionbristles, water cavities, gullet, food pockets, and dual nuclei, will surelygrab your interest.There are many who have a great desire to learn about microorganisms andtheir roles. This website is Engitech's attempt to share the wealth of current information, getyour feedback, andgather more information. Please comment or question at will.The following pages are about microorganisms. What they look like, theirnames, their food,what their presence means, and the water quality they indicate. Updateswill appear periodically. The graphics help illustrate each organism's unique role. The food pyramid graphic depicts a microorganism's position in the foodchain. Because energyis lost moving up the food chain, only a few predators are present comparedto numerousbacterial feeders. The web, extending into the pyramid shows themicroorganism's usual food. Predators typically eat from a narrow set of prey, while omnivores andscavengers eat from abroader food selection. Guess who gets left when food gets scarce. Right,the picky predatorsdisappear first, while scavengers and omnivores survive. The floc graphic shows where, in relationship to the biomass, the treatmentorganisms can befound. Bacteria will be part of the floc or present as free cells aroundthe floc. Swimming andgliding ciliates work the open water engulfing bacteria or other prey. Stalked ciliates attach to thebiomass and vortex suspended bacteria into their gullets, while crawlersbreak bacteria loose fromthe floc surface. Predators feed mostly on stalked and swimming ciliates. The omnivores, such asmost rotifers, eat whatever is readily available, while the worms feed onthe floc or prey on largerorganisms. The effluent rating graphic is based on the research of Curds and Cockburn.*It is used to predicteffluent quality based on the species found in activated sludge. Forexample, P. aurelia wasfound only when the effluent BOD was below 10 mg/L. P. trichium, was found40% of the timeat BOD below 10 mg/L, 30% at BOD 11-20, 20% at BOD 21-30, and 10% at BOD> 30. Therefore P. aurelia's presence predicts good effluent quality while P.trichium is not a goodindicator of effluent quality because it is found over a wide BOD range.* "PROTOZOA IN BIOLOGICAL SEWAGE-TREATMENT PROCESSES II. PROTOZOAAS INDICATORS IN THE ACTIVATED-SLUDGE PROCESS." Water Research, 1970, Vol. 4, pp. 237-249.Microorganisms are directly affected by their treatment environment. Changes in food, dissolvedoxygen, temperature, pH, total dissolved solids, sludge age, presence oftoxins, and other factorscreate a dynamic environment for the treatment organisms. Food (organicloading) regulatesmicroorganism numbers, diversity, and species when other factors are notlimiting. The relativeabundance and occurrence of organisms at different loadings can reveal whysome organisms arepresent in large numbers while others are absent. This graphic indicates that Opercularia coarctata is not found at very loworganic loadings andreaches maximum numbers between food to biomass (F/M) loadings 0.2 and 0.4. This organismwould not normally be present in extended aeration plants, but would befound in complete mix,conventional, and contact stabilization plants under normal loadings. Paramecium sp.Description: Paramecium is a medium size to large (100-300 m) swimmingciliate, commonlyobserved in activated sludge, sometimes in abundant numbers. The body iseither foot-shaped orcigar-shaped, and somewhat flexible. Paramecium is uniformly ciliated overthe entire bodysurface with longer cilia tufts at the rear of the cell. Paramecium swimswith a smooth glidingmotion. It may also be seen paired up (conjugating) with another Parameciumwhich makes agood diagnostic key. The cell has either one or two large water cavitieswhich are alsoidentification tools. This swimmer moves freely in the water column as itengulfs suspendedbacteria. It has a large feeding groove used to trap bacteria and form thefood cavities that move throughout the body as digestion occurs.Paramecium is described as a filter-feeding ciliate because its cilia move and filter bacteria from the water. Indicator: Paramecium sp. cover a range of environmental conditions asindicated by the effluentquality ratings shown below for three species. When a particular speciesoccurs in large numbers,significance may be inferred. Effluent BOD indicated: 0-30 mg/L Effluent ammonia indicated: 0-20 mg/L Water quality indicated: variable Vorticella sp.Description: Vorticella is a stalked ciliate. There are at least a dozenspecies found in activatedsludge ranging in length from about 30 to 150 m. These organisms are ovalto round shaped,have a contractile stalk, a domed feeding zone, and a water vacuole locatednear the terminal endof the feeding cavity. One organism is found on each stalk except duringcell division. Afterreproducing, the offspring develops a band of swimming cilia and goes off toform its own stalk. The evicted organism is called a "swarmer." Vorticella feeds by producinga vortex with itsfeeding cilia. The vortex draws bacteria into its gullet. Vorticella'sprincipal food source issuspended bacteria. The contracting stalk provides some mobility to helpthe organism capturebacteria and avoid predators. The stalk resembles a coiled spring after itsrapid contraction.  Indicator: If treatment conditions are bad, for example low DO or toxicity,Vorticella will leavetheir stalks. Therefore, a bunch of empty stalks indicates poor conditionsin an activated sludgesystem. Vorticella sp. are present when the plant effluent quality ishigh. A few species, such asV. microstoma, indicate high organic loading and decreasing effluentquality. The species areuseful indicator organisms.BOD indicated: depends on speciesAmmonia indicated: varies with speciesEffluent quality indicated: good Euglypha sp.Description: Euglypha (70-100 æm) is a shelled (testate) amoeba. Amoebashave jelly-like bodies. Motion occurs by extending a portion of the body (pseudopodia) outward. Shelled amoebas havea rigid covering which is either secreted or built from sand grains or otherextraneous materials. The secreted shell of this Euglypha sp. consists of about 150 oval plates. Its spines projectbackward from the lower half of the shell. Euglypha spines may be single orin groups of two orthree. The shell has an opening surrounded by 8-11 plates that resembleshark teeth under veryhigh magnification. The shell of Euglypha is often transparent, allowingthe hyaline (watery) bodyto be seen inside the shell. The pseudopodia extend outward in long, thin,rays when feeding ormoving. Euglypha primarily eats bacteria.  Indicator: Shelled amoebas are common in soil, treatment plants, and streambottoms wheredecaying organic matter is present. They adapt to a wide range ofconditions and therefore arenot good indicator organisms. Information is limited regarding theconditions they indicate. Their numbers usually increase with increasing sludge age. Effluent BOD indicated: 0-50 mg/L Effluent ammonia indicated: 0-30 mg/L Water quality indicated: variable Euchlanis sp.Description: This microscopic animal (200-300 æm) is a typical rotifer. Euchlanis is a swimmer,using its foot and cilia for locomotion. In common with other rotifers, ithas a head rimed withcilia, a transparent body, and a foot with two strong swimming toes. Thehead area, called the"corona," has cilia that beat rhythmically producing a strong current forfeeding or swimming.Euchlanis is an omnivore meaning that its varied diet includes detritus,bacteria, and smallprotozoa. Euchlanis has a glassy shell secreted by its outer skin. Thetransparent body revealsthe brain, stomach, intestines, bladder, and reproductive organs. Acharacteristic of rotifers istheir mastax, which is a jaw-like device that grinds food as it enters thestomach. . At times theaction of the mastax resembles the pulsing action of a heart. Rotifers,however, have nocirculatory system.  Indicator: Euchlanis is commonly found in activated sludge when effluentquality is good. Itrequires a continual supply of dissolved oxygen, evidence that aerobicconditions have beensustained.Effluent BOD indicated: 0-15 mg/lEffluent ammonia indicated: 0-10 mg/LWater quality indicated: moderate Info | Activated Sludge | Microbes | Microscopic | Training |Performance | Discussion | Links | E-Mail Engitech, Inc. 2300 Kent - Bryan, TX 77802-1935 - (979) 822-6711 - (979)822-8567 FaxCopyright ©2002 Engitech Incorporated, All rights reserved. |
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